Page 134 - SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES & COVID-19

(Bretschneider & Parker, 2016; Criado et al., 2013). Compared to their counterparts, profit-oriented organizations appear
to have better social media applications because they are essential for their business. They face higher public pressure
to make innovation in utilizing social media (Mergel, Bretschneider, Louis, & Smith, 2014; Tuten & Solomon, 2017).

This study has several limitations. First, this survey uses a small number of samples that failed to produce normally
distributed data in the variables. Future studies must collect more samples to increase the statistical power of the
results. Also, the next research might consider a different proxy to quantify the SMG’s implementation.

Second, this research only uses one control variable, organizational size, as measured by the number of employees
and categorized into six groups. This treatment significantly reduced the information needed for a statistical test;
however, it is still needed because of the difficulty of finding an accurate number of employees, especially in nonlisted
organizations. Future research should add additional control variables other than size.

Third, some sample organizations’ characteristics are measured by one respondent. Although their responses might
not be representative, they are still included because of the limited sample. However, previous research implied that
although multiple respondents use to measure an organization’s characteristic is preferable, it may not be critical
(Denison, Haaland, & Goelzer, 2004; Fey & Denison, 2003; Ralston et al., 2006). Future research might consider using
more than one sample to represent an organization.

Appendix A Robustness Tests
Model 1 Model 2a Model 2b Model 2c Model 2d Model 3a Model 3b Model 3c
Prob Prob Prob Prob Prob Prob Prob Prob
Variables Prod
Coef. (1- Sign Coef. (1- Sign Coef. (1- Sign Coef. (1- Sign Coef. (1- Sign Coef. (1- Sign Avg (1- Sign Avg (1- Sign
tailed) tailed) tailed) tailed) tailed) tailed) tailed) tailed)
Socmed Index + 0.559137 0.0095 *** -2.797359 0.1265 -0.8219297 0.3535 11.32589 0.025 -4.549396 0.044 3.77665 0.006 *** 0.2049012 0.1375 0.8514855 0.0115 **
OrgSize -0.2407716 0.069 * -0.229695 0.122 -0.2415785 0.088 -0.438899 0.013 -0.3374051 0.0345 -0.2701535 0.0475 ** -0.3553959 0.016 ** -0.2870354 0.1005
SqrtCult A -3.895146 0.0025 -1.886713 0.0095 -3.183409 0.015 -4.178492 0.0155
***
SqrtCult B -1.72162 0.0685 * -2.769453 0.107 -3.01957 0.0425 -3.004917 0.036
SqrtCult C -2.110094 0.0715 * -1.858949 0.053 0.9409213 0.2405 -4.013058 0.026
SqrtCult D -2.069655 0.0635 * -1.959701 0.035 -3.581282 0.021 -7.578446 0.0915 10.19515 0.018 **
D Profit -5.442313 0.005 ***
DStateOwned 1.62086 0.156
DListed
SqrtCult A Index + 0.7843411 0.058 *
SqrtCult B Index + 0.4681993 0.2005
SqrtCult C Index + -1.703351 0.028
SqrtCult D Index - 1.286069 0.0255 -3.305467 0.0135 **
D profit Index + 1.786925 0.003 ***
DStateOwned Index _ -0.5551165 0.0925 *
DListed Index _ -9.614103 1.755478 -0.3898892
Cons 0.2950837 47.13179 39.3324 38.16814 89.98665 0.02 51 51 51
No. of Obs 51 51 51 51 51 0.1515 0.2513 0.1189
Pseudo R2 0.0995 0.3082 0.2865 0.4319 0.3416 0.0094 *** 0.0065 *** 0.0631 *
Prob> chi2 0.02485 ** 0.0706 * 0.10585 0.18035 0.1741 11.81 12.68 7.19
Wald chi-square 6 10.94 9.61 7.69 7.83
Description: *** significant at 1% (one tailed) I ** significant at 5% (one tailed) I * Significanty at 10% (one tailed)
SentimentScore1= The score of organizational legitimacy multiplied by – 1 ; SocmedIndex = Social Media governance index which calculated from
the average of social media activities, social media strategies,social media skills and regulatory framework indexes;
OrgSize: Organization size, categorized from 1 to 6. SqrtCultA = The presence of Clan Culture characteristic in an organizations. The score is squared
rooted. SqrtCultB = The presence of Adhocracy Culture characteristic in an organizations. The score is squared rooted, SqrtCultC = The presence
of Hierarchy Culture characteristic in an organizations. The score is squared rooted; SqrtCultD = The presence of Market Culture characteristic in
an organizations. The score is squared rooted; SqrtCultD = The presence of Market Culture characteristic in an organizations. The csore is squared
rooted; DProfit = Dummy variable, Code 1 represents profit-oriented organizations. Code 0 otherwise; DStateOwned = Dummy variable, Code 1
represents state-owned organizations. Code 0 otherwise; DListed = Dummy variable, Code 1 represents listed organizations. Code 0 otherwise;
SqrtCultAIndex; DProfitIndex = interaction between DProfit and SocmedIndex.

International Conference on Sustainability 133
(5 Sustainability Practitioner Conference)
Th