Page 125 - SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES & COVID-19

The instrument of organization cultures is measured differently because of its competing value instruments (Howe,
1977; Pritchard & Karasick, 1973). The results are considered valid if they have internal consistency and predictable
relationship. Following the competing value model, Zammuto and Krakower (1991) indicate that construct validity
is acceptable if clan items negatively correlate with market items; and hierarchy negatively correlates with adhocracy
items. Table 2 reveals that this pattern is consistent with the criteria of validity.

Table 2 Correlation Matrix for Each Question
Question 1: Institutional Character
Culture Clan Adhocracy Hierarchical Market
Clan 1
Adhocracy -0.094 1
Hierarchical -0.6103 -0.4571 1
Market -0.2974 -0.0436 -0.353 1
Question 2: Institutional Leadership
Culture Clan Adhocracy Hierarchical Market
Clan 1
Adhocracy 0.0927 1
Hierarchical -0.576 -0.7362 1
Market -0.1763 -0.2549 -0.5062 1

Question 3: Institutional Cohesion
Culture Clan Adhocracy Hierarchical Market
Clan 1
Adhocracy -0.0406 1
Hierarchical -0.4605 -0.5388 1
Market -0.4388 -0.0751 -0.3631 1

Question 3: Institutional Cohesion
Culture Clan Adhocracy Hierarchical Market
Clan 1
Adhocracy -0.1052 1 1
Hierarchical -0.4784 -0.5192 1
Market -0.3888 -0.1066 -0.3344 1

Then, Table 3 shows the interim correlation within cultural items. Correlations within the same culture are positively
related, as expected by Zammuto and Krakower (1991). The correlation within cultural types was higher than the
correlation between cultural types. Cronbach alphas shows 0.5788, 0.7362, 0.7119, and 0.5962. Two of these values are
less than 0.7. However, other literature allows at a minimum of 0.5 as long as its item is fewer than 20 items (Dall’oglio
et al., 2010). Here, organizational cultures used 16 items from 4 cultures, with each culture measured by four questions.
Thus, Cronbach alphas 0.5788 and 0.5962 are acceptable.

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